Chapter I: why do people learn languages?
1. Reasons
for learning languages
The
reasons people have for learning languages (especially English), and the
reasons for their success as language learners. There are six reasons why do
people learn languages:
a. School
curriculum
b. Advancement
c. Target
language community
d. English
for specific purposes
e. Culture
f. Miscellaneous
2. Success
in language learning
a. Motivation
In learninga
languagesomeone musthave
themotivationto be successfulin learninga language.Motivationis veryimportantfor
a personin order tobe successfulnot onlyin terms oflearningthe languagebut
alsoinother things. Thereare twomotivationsto be
possessedby a studentthemotivationextrinsicinvolvingfactorsfrom outside the
class. The secondmotivationisintrinsicmotivationthat
involvesfactor inclassroom.
Motivation
extrinsic divided into two, namely:
a.
integrative
This
type of motivation students need an interest in the culture and language of the
community standard and allow to know more about the culture and language standard.
b.
instrumental
motivation
is about a situation where the students believe that the expertise in the
language can be used as a helper in getting a better job, either in the form of
position or status. Language is instrumental in achieving their goals.
Intrinsic
motivation can be divided into four, namely:
a.
physical condition
in
the process of learning the language of the physical condition is very
important because having an impact on learning and student motivation can
change, either positive or negative.
b.
method
Learning
methods used in the study of language is also very important. The method is the
most influential in the study. If in a learning process so tedious method used
to make the students are not interested then students will not be motivated to
learn.
c.
teacher
In
the process of learning the teacher is the most important. Even in a class of
students do not like a teacher who taught the class was not important, the
important thing is the teacher doing its duty by giving lessons to their
students.
d.
success
Successful
or not is a part of a student's motivation. A student can be successful because
teachers also motivated so that the goal can be achieved by the successful
students.
3.
Motivational differences
a.
Children
In
the case of children's motivation requires frequency change their activity
requires an interesting or fun activities to encourage a sense of desire and their
knowledge
b.
adolescent
adolescent
allowing more interested in teaching but they also require the presence of a teacher
with more problems. There are 3 levels of teenagers, namely: adult beginners,
adult intermediate students, adult advanced students.
Chapter II: what a
native speaker knows
1.
Pronunciation
A
native speakers know how to pronounce a word. The pronunciation is influenced
by three things:
a. Sounds
Some
foreign speakers who use the language of english as a foreign language having
trouble with the sound. For example, the Spaniards say "very" sounds
like saying "berry and Japanese people who say" right "sounds
like saying" light”
b. Stress
In
fact, native speakers unconsciously know about the pressure in the
pronunciation of a word. They also know syllables where to hit and how the
function of the pressure in the phrases, sentences and questions.
c. Intonation
Is
the sound up or down at the end of the sentence. Intonation is very important
because the intonation can change the meaning of what is said by native
speakers in different ways.
2.
Grammar
Linguists
do research on native speakers during the year concluded that native speakers
have been trying to think how to develop a language of the grammar system. They
use it in several different ways but the rules remain the same. In addition,
they also know the active sentence can be transformed into the passive voice.
We also are not consciously aware of the grammar of our language.
3.
Vocabulary
Native
speakers know how the development of their language and how words change
meaning, sometimes against the constraints of grammar. For example, the word
"awesome" which means fear and. Now the word "awesome"
means good or great. Some nouns are also used as a verb. In other words, native
speakers know what the meaning of a word both literally and metaphorically.
They know how to word seen from the grammar and consider the value of a word.
Without knowledge of their language will not be able to use the system language
support to produce a meaningful word.
4.
Discourse
In
terms of the preparation of language in discourse, there are two important
things, namely:
1.
appropriacy
Use
of language knowledge is knowledge of how to use appropriate language, how to
use proper language based on the situation. For example, when someone is
talking to strangers will be different when he speaks with his friend. There is
some factor that affects the choice of words are: setting,
participant, purpose, channel, topic
2.
Structuring discourse
we
may know whether to say something but we know how to put them in writing, and
what will be written at the beginning of the paragraph. For example, we arrange
paragraphs in a structured manner. By using the main line there is also a
complementary sentence and so on. While we use intonation in speech.
5.
Language skills
Language
users have different abilities in the language. Some are able to speak a call,
write, listen to the radio, or read a book. In other words, there are four
basic language skills are speaking, writing, listening and reading. Speaking
and writing skills, including language or productive results. listening and
reading or language skills including reception receiving.
